Abstract: Corneal stroma is the primary structure of cornea. The common technologies in studying the structure of corneal stroma are X\|Ray scattering, electron microscopy and nonlinear optical imaging(NLO). By these techniques, researchers  try to find the distribution rule of collagen fibers along axial and meridian direction and to find the relation between the mechanical property and the rules. It is proved that corneal ectasia, such as keratoconus and post\|LASIK ectasia,is induced by the change of coneal mechanical property, which is caused by the change of corneal structure. Researchers are trying to find methods to treat these corneal ectasia.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38:   361-365)